Files
paperspec/spec/18-layers.md
T
alexmandClaude a09d158e16 feat: minted keys, VRF seeds, RFC 9162 proofs, history roots, tag URIs and a transparency log
Keys (spec/02 §2.4), the rule paperstack settled on:
- A work key is a Scholar-style citation key, a hyphen and the first four
  Crockford base32 characters of SHA-256("scienting-key/1:" + identity),
  where the identity is the first of doi, arxiv, isbn, pmid, pmcid and
  openalex in same_as, else the folded title, year and family name. A
  collision lengthens the later key by two characters; a key is minted
  once and never recomputed. A document key adds .si, .v<seq> or .<type>
  for versions other than the version of record.
- Every fixture key is now minted (hale2026harmonic-damb,
  okafor2025solvent-acth, writer2027fixed-ynr7.v3, tiny2026tiny-j4qm), so
  every node and record ID was re-minted and the docs rewritten to match.
  The validator checks the document key against the work key and version
  (doc.key.work) and the hash part against the identifier (doc.key.suffix).
  vectors/keys.jsonl pins the cases paperstack's tests pin.

Review:
- Spot-check seeds are ECVRF-EDWARDS25519-SHA512-TAI proofs (RFC 9381),
  implemented in tools/oracle/vrf.py in plain Python and reproduced
  against the RFC's Example 16; the sample ranks by the VRF output. The
  earlier Ed25519 seed could be ground by a dishonest checker.
- RFC 9162 inclusion and consistency proofs (crypto.inclusion_path,
  verify_inclusion, consistency_proof, verify_consistency) with
  scienting-proof/1, vectors/proofs.jsonl and two fixture records.
- document.json carries `history`, the root over the corrections, with
  the empty-tree hash for none (spec/11 §11.5, rule doc.history).
- A provisional transparency log (spec/23): log entries, signed-note
  checkpoints with key hashes as transparency logs share them, the rule
  that a logged revocation beats a self-asserted time, and vectors.
- Reserved signature schemes cose and ml-dsa-65 (spec/08 §8.4).

Identifiers and text:
- urn:scienting: becomes tag:scient.ing,2026: (RFC 4151), since the URN
  namespace was never registered.
- Unicode 16.0 is pinned for normalization and categories (spec/01 §1.4);
  the checker refuses another version.

Checking:
- check.py: keys, proofs, VRF and checkpoint vectors; the proof and
  checkpoint records; a check that every ID and hash the prose quotes
  exists in the fixtures or vectors; three more broken packages
  (history-wrong, key-suffix, key-work).
- stress.py: key, VRF, proof and checkpoint properties.
- Docs: a keys section in the concepts and FAQ, rationale entries for
  keys, VRF, proofs, tag URIs and the Unicode pin, a "Looking ahead"
  section, media-type registration and OCI distribution notes.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-10-14 23:21:57 -04:00

5.2 KiB

18. Layers and annotations

Everything people and models add to a document is an annotation, and annotations are grouped in layers. scienting-layer/1 is the W3C Web Annotation Data Model with the anchor as a selector, so any Web Annotation tool can read it. The JSON-LD context is context/scienting-1.jsonld, published at https://paperspec.scient.ing/context/scienting-1.jsonld.

18.1 One rule decides what is a claim and what is a layer

If a statement is true independently of this paper, it belongs in a claim store as a claim, where it is checked and leveled. If it is about reading this paper, it belongs in a layer, where it is attributed and signed but not checked.

18.2 The layer

A layer is a folder with layer.json and annotations.jsonl. layer.json is an AnnotationCollection with the two contexts, format, an id of the form tag:scient.ing,2026:layer:<store>/<record id>, a label, a purpose, an audience (novice, student, expert or mixed), a visibility (private, team or public), a license (CC BY 4.0 by default when public), its creator, created, its project, the docs it annotates and its total. A reader turns layers on and off, and the audience dial picks the level of glosses.

18.3 The annotation

Each line of annotations.jsonl is a W3C Annotation:

Property Holds
@context ["http://www.w3.org/ns/anno.jsonld", "https://paperspec.scient.ing/context/scienting-1.jsonld"].
id tag:scient.ing,2026:annotation:<store>/<record id> (4.6).
type, layer Annotation, and the layer's ID.
motivation A W3C motivation: commenting, describing, linking, questioning, assessing, replying and the others.
creator, created, modified An agent {id, type, name}, with type Person or Software, and times.
body One body (18.4).
target A SpecificResource whose source is tag:scient.ing,2026:doc:<store>/<key> and whose selector lists an AnchorSelector holding a scienting-anchor/1, optionally followed by a W3C TextQuoteSelector for tools that do not know ours; or, for a reply, a SpecificResource whose source is another annotation.
status proposed, confirmed, rejected or withdrawn. A model's annotation is proposed until a person confirms it.
receipt For a confirmed annotation, the receipt that covers it.

The TextQuoteSelector, when present, repeats the anchor quote's exact, prefix and suffix, with an empty string for a prefix or suffix the quote lacks. It is present only when the anchor's quote is plain text; an anchor whose quote is hashed or keyed (6.3) has none, so the fallback never shows text the anchor withholds.

An annotation's content hash is SHA-256 of the canonical JSON of the annotation without status, receipt and modified. A confirmed annotation is covered by its confirmer's receipt, which lists ["annotation", <record id>, <content hash>]. Replies are annotations that target annotations, so discussions are threads anchored to sentences.

18.4 Bodies

kind W3C type Adds Says
gloss TextualBody audience An explanation at novice, student or expert level.
claim-link SpecificResource source (lode:<tag>), pin, role That the span states, uses or disputes a claim.
symbol SpecificResource source, pin, symbol That this occurrence of a symbol is a symbol claim.
comment TextualBody A remark, opinion or interpretation.
caveat TextualBody A warning a reader should see.
question TextualBody for A question for a reader, a group or the authors.
exercise TextualBody exercise A task with a key and a rule (19).
citation-context TextualBody reference, verdict, reason Why a sentence cites a reference, and whether it supports it.
prerequisite SpecificResource source What to read or know first.
crosslink SpecificResource source, selector That the span corresponds to a span in another document.
translation TextualBody language The span in another language.
description TextualBody role A description of a figure, panel or table for readers who cannot see it: alt, a short text equivalent, or long, a full description.
generated TextualBody generator Text a model wrote about the span; never mistaken for source.

A textual body has a value, and optionally a format (text/plain or text/markdown) and a language. Nothing a model writes is ever stored as source text. A model may propose a description, and like any annotation it stays proposed until a person confirms it; an accessible export uses confirmed descriptions only, and a figure with none has no description. Other text a model writes about a span, such as a summary, is a generated annotation, which names its generator. fixtures/records/layer/ holds a layer with one annotation of each common kind and the receipt that confirms some of them.